Over the past decade, the pattern of news consumption has changed dramatically, and audiences receiving news more and more through social media and mobile messengers. This trend began with the digitalization and convergence phenomenon, continued with the advent of networked journalism, and with the centralization of platforms led to fundamental changes in the news media ecosystem.The main mechanisms of the platforms, namely "datafication", "commodification" and "selection" have been influential in this transformational process. The platform algorithms also pursue three activities: "attraction", "facilitation" and "adaptation" to attract users/audiences, facilitate their movement on the platform and provide services based on their needs. Behavior of platforms has had various consequences, including the decline of traditional revenue models for the media and the migration of audiences and advertisers to platforms. Overall, the processes resulting from "platformization" have led to redefining processes and the relationship between actors in the news media ecosystem. . .

The present article studies trust and credibility of the domestic and foreign media among residents of Tehran. It also examines the influence that social developments exert on this issue. The article is based on Stuart Hall's theoretical classification and Anderson's theory on source credibility. The authors reach the conclusion that the position of mutuality on domestic media among citizens of Tehran has grown, while public trust in hegemonic position has been significantly reduced. On the other hand, the article discusses that the validity of media sources, examined in this study, decreases so does the value of their information.Other findings indicate an increased tendency of the residents towards the satellite channels and lack of interest in the outside radio stations within past 5 years. Such diversion and increased tendency are explained in terms of negative attitudes towards outside radio stations compared to the visual attraction of satellite programs. More than 90 percent of the people studied believe that they follow the news if they find the news correct and real. People whose change of attitude was rated ‘very high’ (68.8%) used satellite products.The authors express their concern on reduction of domestic audience and suggest that in order to strengthen the national unity such reduction should be prevented to reach drastic proportions.

The growing spread and influence of social media, along with opportunities created by this same media, such as facilitating the communication process and the rapid flow of information, they have also posed significant threats. One of the major threats based on the the consensus of experts around the world is the production and dissemination of fake news. Rival governments, apponants and opposition elements, people with racketeers s and even rival organizations, aware of this capacity, manipuliate and distort the facts in the cyberspace of the target communities and countries on a large scale and direct public opinion towards materialization of their own their objectives, mainly against their governments. This process of widespread falsehood prevailing in the information space in communities has caused a wave harm and concern around the world. The emergence of these concerns has paved the way for new research to timely curb and reduce the destructive effects of fake news on public opinion. Under these circumstances, the news organizations in addition to their traditional role in news reporting, have a new task of dealing with online misinformation and fabricated news. The present article, being been written in such an information ecosystem, is aimed at finding solutions to counter fake news produced by professional news organizations, with an emphasis on Iran. To achieve this objective, in addition to studying extensive resourses in global libraries and categorizing their contents, 18 Iranian news and media experts, selected by purposive sampling, were interviewed in depth and and the obtaind findings were analyzed using thematic method and solutions were obtained. Then, the obtained solutions were introduced in the form of five steps including “ preventive measures” , “ monitoring” , “ decision” , “ reaction” and finally “ recording experience and knowledge” . In total, to answer the research questions, 6 comprehensive themes, 20 main organized themes, 11 sub-organized themes and 91 basic themes were found and presented in this article. news organizations, especially in the Iranian media environment, could rely on the findings of this study and design the process and deal with unfounded news by going throught the enumerated measures.

news websites are one of the modern mass media, which have grown and gained credibility in the last decade due to the facilitating use of web technology. media credibility is the most valuable asset of any media outlet and is considered by the media as a strategic resource or one of the core organizational assets. The purpose of this research work is to provide a new approach to strategies to increase media credibility in news websites. The research was carried out using qualitative method and data-based theory and data collection method, with the help of in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 16 experts of news databases. The method of data analysis is open, axial and selective coding, which finally, while analyzing qualitative content, strategic components of increasing media credibility in news websites, have been developed. The shaping categories of the proposed structure include media trust (main phenomenon), increasing media credibility (strategy), audience behavioral tendencies (prevailing context), and news authority. The findings showed that in case of professional trust building and proper credibility of news websites, one can hope for the irreplaceable role of heir public authority in guiding public opinion and promoting the country's news system, far more than other components, and make maximum use of this virtual capacity.

The aim of this applied research is to examine the relationship between media literacy and the amount of use of virtual space and the acceptance of media news among students. The statistical population includes all female students of the second year of secondary school in Ardabil city in the academic year of 2001-2002. The sample size was estimated using Cochran’s formula of 380 people whom were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The data were colledcted by researcher-made questionnaires of which validity was confirmed by face validity and reliability through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed with Pearson’s correlation coefficient and one-way analysis of variance in SPSS software. According to the results, there is no significant relationship between media literacy and the amount of use of virtual space. There is a negative relationship between media literacy and its components with media news acceptance. Among the demographic variables, the relationship between academic field and media literacy, acceptance of media news, as well as the relationship of media type with the amount of use of virtual space and acceptance of media news has been significant. Therefore, by strengthening media literacy, it is possible to increase students’ awareness and skills in the field of media news and information and to prevent the acceptance of false and unreal news in cyberspace.

Since the emergence of Covid-19, the globe has faced various challenges concerning health, financial, social, and even political problems. These issues have been noticed and reflected in news media, which holds the potential to sway public opinion in myriad ways. This interdisciplinary research aims to analyze the Covid-19 news coverage presented by Iranian news media throughout three distinct stages (March through November 2020). To achieve this goal, a corpus-based discourse analysis approach, after Baker (2006), has been implemented. The data for this study consists of a corpus of Persian news compiled by crawling the websites of six main Iranian news media outlets, which are believed to represent the three main political factions in Iran: Fundamentalists, Reformists, and Moderates. The data was collected from the month of March to the month of November of 2020. The results of the study indicate that “war” and specifically, “Imposed War” or “holy defense” became the focal point of the discourse of “war with Corona” in Iran. Words like "Sepah (corps), Basij, Jihad, front line, Health defenders, martyr, enemy, defeat, etc." featured prominently in this discourse. Coronovirus was portrayed as a treacherous disease in the discourse of "war with Corona" in Iran. The virus was represented as a tool of the enemy which could be utilized against Iran, and Iran was tasked with conquering the enemy conspiracy. In this discourse, the term "Trump" was frequently employed as the adversary, particularly in the Fundamentalist media. This depiction of "war with corona" as a "holy defense" was emphasized more in the media aligned with the Fundamentalists during the earliest stages of the crisis. Introduction Since the outbreak of Covid-19, the globe has experienced a variety of challenges on multiple fronts including health, economic, social, and political matters. This crisis has been reported by the news media extensively, with varying interpretations and responses by governments all around the world. The Covid-19 pandemic has been the subject of widespread scrutiny and analysis across countless fields. People have actively sought the latest updates, following the news not every day, but almost every hour. Following the onset of lockdowns, it was the news media, especially, which provided the outlet for people to stay informed and perceive what was happening around them. Therefore, examining the news content from multiple perspectives is of great significance, especially given the potential impact the media can have on public opinion. This study examines the Covid-19 news coverage presented by online news media through the lens of corpus-based discourse analysis. Materials and Methods The goal of this interdisciplinary study is to analyze the news coverage of the Covid-19 crisis in Iranian news media via a descriptive- analytical approach. By utilizing a corpus- based discourse analysis approach, based on Baker's (2006) work, this study endeavors to discover variations in how different news media in Iran covered and reported the news of the Covid-19 crisis during the three phases ranging from March to November 2020. For the corpus analysis, Wordsmith 6.0 will be used, and both qualitative, and quantitative methods will be included. Data for this study consists of a corpus of Persian news collected by crawling the websites of six established news outlets in Iran, which are aligned with the three major political factions of the country which include Fundamentalists (Javan and Kayhan), Reformists (Shargh and Etemad), and Moderates (Jomhouri-e Eslami and Asr-e Iran). Thus, the main corpus was divided into three subcorporas based on the political factions. The selection of the news media outlets was based on convenience and purposive sampling. On the first step, Iran's popular online news outlets were categorized in terms of the specific political faction whose views they represented. In the second phase, the accessibility of the online archives of the selected newsmedia outlets was verified, and ultimately the six outlets were chosen. The time frame of this study covers 9 months, namely March through November of 2020. Due to the existence of two distinct peaks of the epidemic in Iran during this interval, combined with the occurrence of important political and social events in Iran and worldwide such as the parliamentary election in Iran and the US presidential election, each subcorpus was additionally segmented into three-month time periods. In this study, the corpora are labeled as the first, second and third periods. The significance of the observed differences between the corpora was measured using the statistical software package, SPSS v21. Discussion and Results During the first stage of analysis on the primary corpora, it was observed that the frequency of the word "corona" (66135 tokens) far eclipsed the frequency of the term "covid" (2505). As a result, "corona" was selected as the primary focus of further analysis. In the second phase, each of the sub-corpora was analyzed based on the 100 most prevalent words in the respective corpora, concordance lists, and keywords. In this way, three overarching themes were established in the corpora: 1- "War with Corona" 2- "Crisis Management. The focal point of this article is the "war with Corona." This narrative includes news pertaining to the rapid proliferation of Covid-19 across the globe and in Iran. In this context, speculations about the possible sources of the disease and global initiatives aimed at handling the crisis also fall within the purview of this discussion. By conducting a thorough analysis of the frequent words and their concordances, it was evident that 41 terms fell into the "war with corona" category. These terms were subsequently investigated across the various corpora in order to discover patterns in their usage. The discourse around "war with corona" includes a plethora of frequently utilized words and phrases, including "confrontation," "battle," and "headquarters." Other prevalent terms include "Basij," "Jihad," and "army." Some words have been utilized to define the coronavirus, most often in derogatory terms. Common words used for this purpose include "sinister," "horrible," "contemptible," and "damn." Additionally, some phrases describe the virus in terms of nationality, like "Chinese" or "American," or use qualitative adjectives, such as "smart," "agressive," and "ungodly." Conclusions The results indicate that "war" and in particular, the terms the "Imposed War" or "holy defense" constitute the central point in the discourse of "War with Corona" in Iran. Terms related to the military, including "Sepah (corps)" "Basij" "Jihad" "frontline" "health defenders" "health Martyrs" "enemy" and "defeat" were abundant in this discourse. The coronavirus was depicted as an inauspicious disease which, according to the discourse, could be wielded by Iran's enemies, and Iran's citizens had to triumph over the enemy machinations. In the discourse surrounding "war with Corona" the term "Trump" features prominently in the media aligned with the Fundamentalists. This depiction of fighting against the virus as a "holy defense" was accentuated more so by the Fundamentalists media during the initial period. Additionally, words such as "confrontation" "threat" "victims" and "dangerous" appeared more frequently in the articles published by the moderate media. According to the analysis performed on the reformist media corpus, words such as "victory" "confrontation" and "killed" appeared with higher frequency. The third period of the corpus intersected with the presidential elections in USA, and their effect was evident in the corpus by the commentary regarding the U.S.A. and the ineffective handling of the virus by the Trump administration. The Coronavirus mortality rate in the U.S.A. was also on the rise during this time.

Since 1954 when the BBC Network started its first TV news Broadcast using the voice of an anchor along with picture, map and the description of pictures in short sentences, TV journalism has gone through a lot of ups and downs to enjoy its current achievements. The accomplishments should be attributed to the result of the technological innovations as well as the intelligence and with of those active in the field.Although the topic has a 45-year-history in Iran, due to such elements as non-indigenous technology, weakness in the expert framework, disregard for the concepts and tools of the modern media and …, we are somehow faced with historical backwardness. Now experts believe getting ahead in today's competitive media field requires thinking of creating change in such areas as theories and definitions, systems and organizations and technology and equipment as well as various styles, forms and methods of production. In this research article, which has been compiled using documentary, fact-finding and observation techniques, we have taken into consideration the models and text styles of Television news and then the comparison text of Television news and print media.To sum up there is difference between equipment and method of transferring data of TV news with other print media. Such important items belong to different kinds of productions as well as various forms of visual and audio concepts are being based on print. It plays a key role in the process of data transfer. We can claim Writing for Television news is the art of writing for picture.

Introduction and statement of the problem: Representation in epistemological discussions, or what has sometimes been called the Copernican revolution of Kant, maintain an idea according to which in knowing the world subject is as important as the object, if not more. The brain of the human may affect the process of recognition, and we can ask how and how much it takes place. Moreover, every instrument, such as a microscope or telescope, which mediate between brain and object, should be contained to the same test. media is a kind of instrument intermediator between the world and us. In contemporary society, we receive more information from the media than we obtain directly from our environment. So the general epistemological suspicion can be extended to the issue of news strategy in the media. I am planning to address this problem in this paper. Theoretical Considerations: According to the general taste, news, which includes accidents and strange happenings, are more exciting and amazing and can attract more attention. The point is that such news is so often bad ones. That is the reason why headlines are full of news of terror, war, crash, fire, pollution, traffic, scandal and so on. The media concentrate and emphasize on these sorts of news, and that is the reason they fail to do representation as they show the world to be worse than it is. Accordingly, it is fair to say the media distorts our perception, and our conception of the world is generally less real than it is really. That from the viewpoint of chief redaction and its gatekeeping what kind of news has value or is important to determine how the audience see their world. Because society gives most of its information from the media, the more news emphasis on something, the more important and even the more existent it seems to be. Therefore, the news, which is usually selected and is the subject of repetition and concentration, would influence the representation from the real world. It is evident that news gatekeeping could be influenced by a variety of factors such as money, power, politics, ideology, and the conscious or unconscious standpoint of journalists. Nevertheless, those well-known causes apart, there is something more powerful and more hidden which influences news and thereby influence the world-view of consumers. We call it professionalism. The very professionalism which should be and seems to be against many kinds of bias, such as we mentioned above, play itself an important role in gatekeeping and organizing the choice and the priority of news and thereby is the source of a big bias. On the one hand, journalism is, above all, a profession, and in almost every profession, success requires customer orientation. On the other hand, and methodologically speaking, the psychological nature of humankind makes us more interested in exciting news. It results in that the media tries to cover more exciting and amazing news. But not surprisingly most of the time the exciting news is the bad ones or even the worse. Usually, good things do not happen all of a sudden. It takes time for a development to be achieved or a problem to be solved, and being so they lake the potentiality of making interesting and attractive news. Moreover, another side of our psychology or our education prepare us more to be discontent than content, so that the good things seem to be normal and the bad ones can be the source of opposition. Therefore a war, a terrorist attack, a fire, a plane crash, an earthquake, or a political scandal are much more likely to be reported as soon as possible and to be the subject of headline and repetition and the other kinds of highlighting. In doing so, media news does not represent the world as it is. Some of the findings here indicate that there are examples even from the scientific research reports that show in what extent media choose the versions, which fortify that bias just for being more customer oriented. The news concerning environmental problems is an example. Almost every day we read, listen, and watch some news, which indicates a new bad behavior or law or strategy for the environment: the seas more polluted, the forests more disappeared, the wild animals more threatened and so on. There is rarely a report about many attempts to protect the environment. Just because news consumers psychologically and sociologically prefer to listen that politicians are doing badly and that a sort of apocalypse is coming soon. However, this is not the truth, at least all the truth. This bias is confusing and has strong negative implications, for news consumers see the world much worse than it is, and might become more depressed and pessimist and even ready to radical actions and join to the extremist parties. Reading, listening, watching and sharing news in cyberspace is generally considered as a cultural activity or sometimes as social activism, and something to be praised. More you regularly consume news especially worldwide news more you seem to have character and to be in a good way of life. You seem to have more chance to know the world better and so to live correctly. However, this idea is based on the assumption that media in its news reflect the reality as it is. However, as we demonstrate it, this is not the case. It could even have a contrary function. With too much confidence to media and too much-consuming news, we risk to believe that world is very dark and become pessimist and distrust because the world, however, is not so good is not as bad as media news try to persuade. The part of bad news is bigger and not proportional. Not only people do not pay attention to it, but also there is a belief that good men concentrate on bad aspects of affairs. Because it helps to be a more political and more motivated fighter against oppression and injustice, apparently being politically correct necessitates that bad aspects of social life be underlined. Although media shows, somehow unconsciously, the bad aspects of the world in an un-proportionate manner, there is a part of consciousness that approves the necessity of it. Concluding Remarks: This paper aims at corroborating the idea that professional media, supposed to be far from those tendencies, based on very professionalism, according to which customer compliance is the first principle, produce some other kind of disturbing in the representation of the reality. Thus, the contribution of the article is that the general value, which holds that more reading/listening/watching news is a sign of a safer society, should be a subject of doubt. It can create a conduit to take in serious reform in news media strategy and/or a news diet for the consumers.